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It is often in the toddler period that a child’s behaviour becomes a problem for parents. Temper tantrums, eating problems, problems at bedtime, and aggressive behaviour tax the resources and patience of even the most confident and laid-back parent.

It is often the interaction between the child and his parents that determines how severe the behaviour problems are and whether they are transient or will persist as he grows older. It is normal for toddlers and preschoolers to exhibit behaviour that may be difficult for parents to manage. It is developmentally appropriate for their age to be testing limits as they engage in their struggle to assert themselves as individuals.

Parents who do not have a strategy for how to deal with these behaviours may inadvertently reinforce them, and increase the likelihood that they will persist. Discipline is the setting of sensible but firm limits, in a manner that is sensitive to the individuality and the needs of the child, yet clear and consistent.

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It is regarded, like migraine, as a vascular headache. That is, changes in the walls of the arteries in the head are believed to trigger the pain.

Unlike migraine, which is far more common in women, cluster headache is almost entirely a male disease — less than 10 per cent of cases being women. Migraine has a strong family link, but this is not present in cluster headache.

It was first described in 1939, and typically occurs in men who are conscientious, self-sufficient, hard-driving and tense. The average age of onset is the forties, but it may occur for the first time in children or the elderly.

One of the most constant features of this headache is that it tends to occur in bouts or clusters, which gives it its name.

The sufferer may be free of attacks for weeks, months or years, then it recurs. The pain is usually of a steady, boring nature and severe; and is felt behind the eyes, in the temple, and may radiate to the back of the neck or down the face. It is usually one-sided.

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All these symptoms can either be reversed or prevented by taking oestrogen supplements, but this is an area of considerable controversy. Oestrogen can prevent the development of osteoporosis, if given from the onset of the menopause, and also prevents the changes in the vagina.

Several years ago, it was being hailed as the “youth pill” and it was claimed that, if women took it from menopause until the end of their lives, it would stop them showing the signs of age.

Unfortunately, oestrogen has been shown to increase the risk of developing cancer of the body of the womb and should not be given to those with few symptoms but should be reserved for those who are distressed by their menopause.

Of course, if a woman has had a hysterectomy, or removal of the womb, there is no risk of cancer of this organ and the drug may be given for longer periods.

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The tiny air passages become inflamed and their walls swell up, blocking the normal free passage of air. There is then difficulty in breathing, and breaths are rapid and shallow. The infant may rapidly become prostrate. There may be a cough. There is often a wheezing noise as the infant tries to get air in and out of the lungs.

As the condition advances, the infant may become a dusky blue colour (called cyanosis by the doctors), as carbon dioxide accumulates in the blood. With every breath, the area between the ribs may seem to be indrawn, indicating respiratory distress. And with the struggle for enough breath, the infant may lose fluid, perspire heavily and become dehydrated. If left untreated, the condition may become worse, leading to exhaustion, lack of oxygen and serious consequences.

Treatment

Any infant who is obviously developing symptoms of this nature needs emergency medical attention. If you cannot get your own doctor promptly, take the child to the emergency department of the nearest big hospital where facilities are available.

Immediate treatment in a warm, moist atmosphere is essential. Expert nursing, antibiotics, supportive therapy, fluid replacement under skilled supervision are all-important. With adequate treatment, there is usually a good response within 24 to 36 hours.

If an allergy is the basis of the disorder, recurrences are likely. If the infant improves and it t has been due to an infection, recurrences are not likely.

In any case in which there is obvious respiratory difficulty and the child does not respond to simple measures, never neglect to obtain prompt expert help. It may save a life.

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Some parents have inbuilt obsessions about masturbation, usually as a consequence of the strange preoccupation and significance placed on it by a previous generation. It was believed that many physical ills resulted from genital contact—which was therefore sinful, unholy or impure. Such ideas belong to a past era, the dark ages of yesteryear, and they certainly play no part in today’s attitude, especially with infants and the young child. Masturbation in the years past puberty is practically universal and is likewise harmless.

Treatment

Accept the fact that your children handle their genital organs and possibly obtain some nervous satisfaction from it. Ignore it. Do not make a big fuss about it. The less attention that is paid to it the better. Answer your children’s questions about the genitals frankly, honestly and briefly, and leave it at that. Bit by bit, the data will build up in their memory storehouse and take a rightful place in their accumulated bank of knowledge. Being obviously embarrassed, acting in a nervous, foolish way, will immediately alert children to the fact that there is something strange or special about it all. In due course, they will find out about it. Play it cool and sensibly in the meantime. Certainly attach no guilt or shame to the whole situation at any time. Provide diverting entertainment if a child shows a prospensity for this; and in most cases, more interesting distractions will usually win the day.

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The reaction is encouraged when the compounds are subjected to high heat, such as takes place when bacon is cooked. Since both nitrates and the amines with which they react occur plentifully in many foods, and nitrates are also found in human saliva, elimination of food additives in the diet alone will not on its own prevent the formation of nitrosamines.

The good news is that Vitamin C can block the formation of these carcinogenic compounds. People whose diets are rich in Vitamin C have been found to be less prone to stomach cancers. Manufacturers of processed meats have taken advantage of this information not only by reducing the amount of nitrites used during processing, but by adding forms of Vitamin C to their products.

Both nitrites and nitrates have been linked with health problems other than cancer. Migraine sufferers might do well to eliminate nitrates from their diets, since these compounds have been known to cause headaches in sensitive individuals. Chronic sufferers of hives are hypersensitive to a number of preservatives, including nitrites.

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Signs and symptoms

A cut is obvious from its appearance and the bleeding that occurs. However, there are signs and symptoms you should look for to help you decide whether the cut needs a doctor’s care or can be treated at home. Major cuts with serious bleeding obviously need a doctor’s immediate attention; emergency control of bleeding is the only possible home treatment.

First, look at the depth of the cut. If a cut is more than skin deep it cannot be treated at home. Deeper structures (such as muscles, tendons, and nerves) must be repaired by sewing.

Second, look for dirtiness or raggedness in the cut. A cut with ragged edges or with deeply embedded dirt needs professional care to avoid infection and to reduce scarring.

Third, look at the width and location of the cut. A small cut rarely needs stitching to control the bleeding, but stitching may help reduce the amount of scarring. A cut heals leaving a scar the size of the opening of the skin. There is no treatment that will reduce the length of the scar. But the closer the edges of the cut are to each other during the healing process, the narrower the final scar will be. If a home-style bandage can hold the edges together for the seven to ten days required for healing, there may be no advantage to a doctor’s treatment. However, if the cut is in an area that moves, such as near a joint or on some parts of the face, it is nearly impossible to keep the edges from gaping unless the wound is sewn.

Home care

First, stop the bleeding. Apply firm pressure directly on the cut for ten minutes (by the clock). Use sterile gauze if it’s immediately available. If not, any reasonably clean cloth – a handkerchief, towel, or shirt-will do. Even bleeding from large arteries can be controlled by pressure applied directly on the wound. You never need so-called pressure points.

Do not use a tourniquet to stop bleeding from a cut. The only time a tourniquet is necessary is if a limb is partially or completely amputated. In this severe case, the tourniquet may be placed anywhere above the wound. The new thinking is that once the tourniquet is put on, it should be left on-not released and tightened as was once suggested. Then immediately rush the person to the nearest medical facility.

Second, once the bleeding has stopped, wash the area with soap and water so that the cut is clearly visible. Look at the depth, width, dirtiness, raggedness, and location of the cut to decide if a doctor should treat the wound.

If it seems reasonable to care for the cut at home, apply a non-stinging antiseptic. Draw the wound’s edges together with adhesive butterflies available at your pharmacy (or make your own). Then cover the wound with sterile gauze and a bandage to prevent infection. If the cut is near the joint of a finger, splinting the fingers can keep them from moving until the cut has healed. Cuts between the toes can sometimes be kept from moving by bandaging the toes together around the cut. Inspect the wound every day for signs of possible infection. Remove butterflies after seven to ten days.

Precautions

• If the cut requires stitching, it must be done within eight hours to avoid infection. If a wound becomes infected (showing increased tenderness, swelling, discharge of pus, or red streaks spreading out from the wound), see your doctor.

• Be sure that your child receives tetanus boosters at the ages recommended by your doctor.

Medical treatment

A doctor, surgeon, or plastic surgeon has the skill and equipment to handle cuts that cannot be cared for at home. Your doctor will clean a dirty wound and decide if the wound needs stitching.

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Bring on the sauce. Tomato sauce, especially when cooked in even the tiniest bit of olive oil, seems to guard against both colon and prostate cancers. Some evidence suggests that it may protect against cancers of the stomach and the esophagus as well. Plus this special sauce may even contribute to agility as we age.

You should have no problem getting your fill of this mighty medicine; tomato sauce works its way into everything from chili to Spanish rice.

The hot nutrient here is lycopene, a substance found in plants that may prevent cancer from occurring by mopping up free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive compounds that could damage DNA and cause mutations, which could cause cancerous cells to grow.

Lycopene may be twice as potent a cancer-fighter as old-faithful beta-carotene, says Dr. Giovannucci. Tomatoes, both raw and cooked, also contain other antioxidants as well.

Why cook tomatoes in olive oil in these days when all we hear is fat-free, fat-free? In experiments, people eating tomato sauce cooked in olive oil got roughly 10 times more lycopene into their systems than did people drinking processed tomato juice, reported Dr. Giovannucci.

Dr. Giovannucci led a five-year study of 47,849 men that found that the guys who ate the most cooked tomato products were the ones with the lowest risk of prostate cancer. Need we say more?

Bag the broccoli. Yeah, we know, it hasn’t won any presidential medals. But broccoli is fabulously full of immune system-building vitamin Ñ and features a fistful of the phytochemicals thought to fight cancer. Plus there’s a variety of healthy ways to stomach it-steamed, stir-fried, blanched, baked, and raw-even chilled with yogurt dip.

The amount of broccoli you need to eat to prevent disease hasn’t been quantified, but broccoli should be among the variety of vegetables you eat, says Walter C. Willett, M.D., Dr. P.H., chairman of the department of nutrition at the Harvard School of Public Health.

Keep cans of kidneys in the cupboard. Kidney beans boast the highest, healthiest fiber mix of any member of the legume family-almost 6 grams per È-cup serving. They are especially high in heart-protecting folate, too. Of the fiber, 2.8 grams is cholesterol-lowering, blood glucose-controlling soluble fiber. Kidney beans are associated with a lower risk of heart disease and stroke and protection from colon cancer, says James W. Anderson, M.D., professor of medicine and clinical nutrition at the University of Kentucky College of Medicine in Lexington.

Beans also contain potent antioxidants known as polyphenolics. In test-tube studies, polyphenolics worked better than vitamin Ñ in keeping fat in the blood from oxidizing-the first step in the formation of artery-clogging sludge. Human research is under way, Dr. Anderson says.

If that’s not enough, all beans-kidneys and otherwise-are such good medicine that doctors prescribe them to diabetics (along with other high-fiber, complex carbohydrates) because the foods are digested slowly, which helps maintain low blood sugar and normalize insulin responses.

How much do you need to eat to lower cholesterol and provide the other health benefits? Aim for 11/2 cups cooked beans daily, Dr. Anderson says.

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